https://doi.org/10.4081/aamr.2024.486
Prediabetes in children and adolescents: a narrative review
Submitted: February 10, 2024
Accepted: March 6, 2024
Published: June 20, 2024
Accepted: March 6, 2024
Abstract Views: 147
PDF: 123
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Prediabetes and diabetes are important metabolic public health problems, especially among adolescents, which are being given little or no attention, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Prediabetes increases the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. Despite being a high-risk state for developing diabetes, the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes are not uniform across various international professional organizations. Significant differences in prevalence can depend on the definition of prediabetes as Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and/or Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT). Different studies have shown that prediabetes and its interactions with factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, environmental factors, genetics, and lifestyles do play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes. Prediabetes is a preclinical stage of DM and can be reversed with some lifestyle modifications. Therefore, there is a need to be informed about it such that active surveillance can be instituted to recognize it early and prevent its progression to T2DM and disease-associated health burden in adult life.
Nathan D, Davidson M, DeFronzo R, et al. Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Diabetes Care 2007;30:753-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-9920
Craig ME, Hattersley A, Donaghue KC. Definition, epidemiology and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2009;10:3-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00568.x
Bansal N. Prediabetes diagnosis and treatment: a review. World J Diabetes 2015;6:296-303.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.296
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformine. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512
Tabák AG, Herder C, Kivimäki M. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for developing diabetes. Lancet 2012;379:2279-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9
Mayer-Davis EJ, Kahkoska AR, Jefferies C, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2018;19:7-19.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12773
World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. 2006. Available from: http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition and diagnosis of diabetes_new.pdf
American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017;40:S11-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005
Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon Net al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2014 compendium. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes 2014;15:26-46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12179
Weiss R, Santoro N, Giannini C, et al. Prediabetes in youths: mechanisms and biomarkers. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2017;1:240-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30044-5
Perreault L, Færch K. Approaching pre-diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2014;28:226-33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.10.008
Fonseca VA. Identification and treatment of prediabetes to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes. Clin Cornerstone 2007;8:10-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-3597(09)60004-1
Unwin N, Shaw J, Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM. Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glycaemia. Diabet Med 2002;19:708-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00835.x
Brufani C, Fintini D, Ciampalini P, et al. Prediabetes in Italian obese children and youngsters. J Endocrinol Invest 2011;34:275-80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03347097
Bacha F, Lee S, Gungor N, Arslanian S. From prediabetes to type 2 diabetes in obese youth. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2225-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0004
Bock G, Dalla Man C, Campioni M, et al. Pathogenesis of prediabetes mechanisms of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in people with Impaired Fasting Glucose and/or Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Diabetes 2006;55:3536-49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0319
Gossain VV, Aldasouqi S. The challenge of undiagnosed pre-diabetes, diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease. Int J Diabetes Mellit 2010;2:43-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdm.2009.10.004
Jaja T, Oduwole AO, Fetuga B, Abdus-salam IA. Prevalence of prediabetes in secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. African J Diabetes Med 2015;23:11-4.
Dingle E, Brar PC. Prediabetes in obese adolescents: an emerging clinical priority. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017;56:115-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922816681138
Nowicka P, Santoro N, Liu H, et al. Utility of hemoglobin A1c for diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes in obese children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1306-11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1984
Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, et al. Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med 2002;346:802-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012578
Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2362-74.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa031049
SEARCH Study Group. The burden of Diabetes Mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatrics 2006;118:1510.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0690
Menke A, Casagrande S, Cowie C. Prevalence of diabetes in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in the United States, 2005-2014. JAMA 2016;316:346.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.8544
Bahíllo-Curieses MP, Hermoso-López F, Martínez-Sopena MJ, et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in a sample of obese Spanish children and adolescents. Endocrine 2012;41:289-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-011-9540-8
Wiegand S, Maikowski U, Blankenstein O, et al. Type 2 diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in European children and adolescents with obesity – a problem that is no longer restricted to minority groups. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151:199-206.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1510199
Ghergherechi R, Tabrizi A. Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and insulin resistance among obese children and adolescents. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2010;6:345-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S12033
Ranjani H, Sonya J, Anjana RM, Mohan V. Prevalence of glucose intolerance among children and adolescents in urban South India (ORANGE-2). Diabetes Technol Ther 2013;15:13-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2012.0236
Chahkandi T, Taheri F, Zardast M. Prevalence of high normal FBS and prediabetes among adolescents in Birjand, East of Iran, 2012. J Educ Heal Promot 2015;4:1-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.162389
Narayanappa D, Rajani HS, Mahendrappa K, Prabhakar A. Prevalence of prediabetes in school-going children. Indian Pediatr 2011;48:295-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-011-0061-6
Zhang J, Ma YT, Xie X, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Uygur children of Xinjiang, China. Genet Mol Res 2013;12:5007-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4238/2013.October.24.13
Sunwiale SS. Prevalence of prediabetes and Diabetes Mellitus among children and young adults in the Kassena Nankana District of Ghana. 2014. Available from: http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/6971/1/Samuel Sunyazi SunwialeE.pdf
Agbre-yace ML, Oyenusi EE, Oduwole AO, et al. Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among children and adolescents in the district of Abidjan in Cote d’Ivoire: a population- based study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2016;15:1-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-016-0261-7
Arigbede O, Adeoye I, Jarrett O, Yusuf O. Prediabetes among Nigerian adolescents: a school-based study of the prevalence, risk factors and pattern of fasting blood glucose in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2017;37:437-45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-016-0505-6
Oluwayemi IO, Brink SJ, Oyenusi EE, et al. Fasting Blood Glucose profile among secondary school adolescents in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. J Nutr Metab 2015;2015:1-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/417859
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care 2005;25:2165-71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.12.2165
Nwatu CB, Ofoegbu EN, Unachukwu CN, et al. Prevalence of prediabetes and associated risk factors in a rural Nigerian community. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2016;36:197-203.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-015-0401-5
Amiri E Al, Abdullatif M, Darwiche G. The prevalence, risk factors, and screening measure for prediabetes and diabetes among Emirati overweight/obese children and adolescents. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2649-6
Weiss R. Impaired glucose tolerance and risk factors for progression to type 2 diabetes in youth. Pediatr Diabetes 2007;8:70-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00336.x
Cali AM, Caprio S. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth: an emerging epidemic disease? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008;15:123-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f57251
Hurt RT, Kulisek C, Buchanan LA, McClave SA. The obesity epidemic: challenges, health initiatives, and implications for gastroenterologists. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;6:780-92.
Reinehr T, Wabitsch M, Kleber M, et al. Parental diabetes, pubertal stage, and extreme obesity are the main risk factors for prediabetes in children and adolescents: a simple risk score to identify children at risk for prediabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008;10:395-400.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00492.x
Jaja T, Yarhere I. Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in adolescents secondary school students in Port Harcourt. Niger J Paed 2015;42:137-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v42i2.13
Qorbani M, Mehrkash M, Kelishadi R, et al. Obesity and metabolic syndrome among a representative sample of Iranian adolescents. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Heal 2012;43:756-63.
Guerrero-Romero F, Violante R, Rodríguez-Morán M. Distribution of fasting plasma glucose and prevalence of Impaired Fasting Glucose, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and type 2 diabetes in the Mexican paediatric population. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009;23:363-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01035.x
Goran MI, Gower BA. Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance. Diabetes 2001;50:2444-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2444
Ball GDC, Huang TT-K, Gower BA, et al. Longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and b-cell function during puberty. J Pediatr 2006;148:16-22.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.08.059
Hoffman RP, Vicini P, Sivitz WI, Cobelli C. Pubertal adolescent male-female differences in insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness determined by the one compartment minimal model. Pediatr Res 2000;48:384-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200009000-00022
World Health Organization. Physical activity. 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
Lee I-M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo Fet al. Impact of physical inactivity on the world’s major non-communicable diseases. Lancet 2012;380:219-29.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
Svoren BM, Nicholas J. Diabetes mellitus in children. In: Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics. 20th ed. Elsevier; Philadelphia, USA; 2016.
Sreedharan N, Rao M, Sekhar SM. Targeting prediabetes to preempt diabetes. In: Nutritional and therapeutic interventions for diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Elsevier/Academic Press; London, UK; 2018.
Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F, Aradillas-Garcia C, et al. Obesity and family history of diabetes as risk factors of Impaired Fasting Glucose: implications for the early detection of prediabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2010;11:331-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00590.x
Arslanian SA, Bacha F, Saad R, Neslihan G. Family history of type 2 diabetes is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and an impaired balance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in white youth. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1325-9.
Buysschaert M, Bergman M. Definition of prediabetes. Med Clin N Am 2011;95:289-97.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2010.11.002
Di Pino A, Urbano F, Piro S, et al. Update on prediabetes: focus on diagnostic criteria and cardiovascular risk. World J Diabetes 2016;7:423-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i18.423
World Health Organization. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/diagnosis_diabetes2011/en/
Lapolla A, Mosca A, Fedele D. The general use of glycated haemoglobin for the diagnosis of diabetes and other categories of glucose intolerance: still a long way to go. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011;21:467-75.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.02.006
Cynthia SW. Prediabetes: screening, diagnosis, and intervention. J Nurse Pract 2017;13:216-21.e1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.08.005
Van E, Riet T, Alssema M, et al. Relationship between A1C and glucose levels in the general Dutch population: the new Hoorn study. Diabetes Care 2010;33:61-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0677
Lee JM, Gebremariam A, Wu EL, et al. Evaluation of nonfasting tests to screen for childhood and adolescent dysglycemia. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2597-602.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0827
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 2018;41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-su09
Rajendran R, Rayman G. Point-of-care blood glucose testing for diabetes care in hospitalized patients: an evidence-based review. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014;8:1081-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296814538940
Rheney CC, Kirk JK. Performance of three blood glucose meters. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:1-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1345/1542-6270(2000)034<0317:POTBGM>2.3.CO;2
Chance J, Li DJ, Jones KA, et al. Technical evaluation of five glucose meters with data management capabilities. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111:547-56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/111.4.547
Burrin JM, Price CP. Measurement of blood glucose. Ann Clin Biochem 1985;22:327-42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000456328502200401
Boyd R, Leigh B, Stuart P. Capillary versus venous bedside blood glucose estimations. Emerg Med J 2005;22:177-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2003.011619
Kumar G, Leong B, Kumar S. Correlation of capillary and venous blood glucometry with laboratory determination. Prehospital Emerg Care 2004;8:378-83.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prehos.2004.06.010
Sharma MD, Garber AJ. What is the best treatment for prediabetes? Curr Diab Rep 2009;9:335-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-009-0053-2
Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL, et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care.2006;29:2102-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0560
Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. N Engl J Med 2012;344:1343-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801
Pan XR, Li WG, Hu HY, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997;20:537-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.4.537
Aroda VR, Ratner R. Approach to the patient with prediabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:3259-65.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1091
Abdul-ghani MA, Defronzo RA. Pathophysiology of prediabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2009;9:193–9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-009-0032-7
Abdul-Ghani MA, Tripathy D, Defronzo RA. Contributions of b-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1130-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2179
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26:5-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2007.S5
Edwards CM, Cusi K. Prediabetes: a worldwide epidemic. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016;45:751-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2016.06.007
How to Cite
Musa, A. Z., Umar, U. I., Obiagwu, P. N., & Ibrahim, M. (2024). Prediabetes in children and adolescents: a narrative review. Annals of African Medical Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/aamr.2024.486
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.