Original Articles
Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.4081/pjm.2026.517

Endometrial histopathological pattern in post-menopausal women with bleeding in Kano, northwest Nigeria

Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Received: 12 September 2024
Accepted: 21 February 2025
Published: 25 June 2026
19
Views
14
Downloads
Transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial thickness, biopsy, post-menopausal bleeding

Authors

Enemona Sunday Achanya
achensun@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1835-5374
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal University of Health Sciences/Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital, Azare, Nigeria.
Abdullahi Abba Habib
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal University Dutse/Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital, Dutse, Nigeria.
Olayinka Taiwo Hassan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal University of Health Sciences/Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital, Azare, Nigeria.
Agbogo Onyilo Emmanuel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal University of Health Sciences/Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital, Azare, Nigeria.
Ifesinachi Omeje
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
Usman Aliyu Umar
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
Muhammed Ibrahim Imam
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
Ibrahim Adamu Yakasai
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.

Post-Menopausal Bleeding (PMB), as one of the common presentations of endometrial pathology, requires prompt and efficient evaluation to exclude or diagnose malignancy. Endometrial sampling is one of the initial screening tests for evaluating endometrial pathology in these women in order to determine those that will require further evaluation, hence early diagnosis and treatment.

The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological pattern of endometrial sample among women presenting with post-menopausal bleeding in Kano.

It was a multicenter cross-sectional study of women with PMB who presented at the gynaecological emergency and clinics of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Muhammadu Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital (MAWSH) and Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital (MMSH) from January, 2018, to June, 2019. The patients were selected using convenient sampling technique after obtaining ethical clearance. Clinical histories were obtained, clinical examination carried out. Endometrial sample was obtained by suction curettage and subjected to histopathologic diagnosis.

Forty-five women with PMB were evaluated in our study. The mean age of the patients was 58.2±6.0 years and mean parity was 4.4±1.9. The mean age at menopause was 51.3±1.4 years while the mean duration from menopause to symptom of bleeding per vaginam was 6.9±4.9 years. In 19 (42.2%) of patients, endometrial hyperplasia was found out of which 10 (52.6%) were simple hyperplasia and 9 (47.4%) atypical hyperplasia. Endometrial cancer was found in 12 (26.7%) while 14 (31.1%) had normal histology.

Endometrial hyperplasia was the most common pathology among women with PMB in Kano.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
1. Aboul-Fotouh MEM, Mosbeh MH, Elgebaly AF, Mohammed AN. Transvaginal power Doppler sonography can discriminate between benign and malignant endometrial conditions in women with post-menopausal bleeding. Middle East Fert Soc J 2012;17:22-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2011.07.003
2. Breijer MC, Timmermans A, van Doorn HC, et al. Diagnostic strategies for post-menopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynaecol Int 2010;85:1-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/850812
3. Daru PH, Pam IC, Shambe I, et al. Vaginal hysterectomy at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg 2011;1:26-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/hmrj.v8i1.52869
4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynaeclogists (ACOG). ACOG Committee opinion no. 426: the role of transvaginal ultrasonography in the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynaecol 2009;113:462-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31819930cc
5. Olusanya O, Okpere EE, Ezimokhai M. The importance of social class in voluntary fertility control in a developing country. West Afr J Med 1985;4:205-12.
6. Jacobs I, Maharaj AG, Burnell M, et al. Sensitivity of transvaginal ultrasound screening for endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women: a case- control study within the UKCTOCS cohort. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:38-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70268-0
7. Sharma J, Dhiman B, Sud N, Kaushik A. Synergistic approach in diagnosing endometrial disease in women with post-menopausal bleeding. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2017;6:4081-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174066
8. Van Doorn LC, Dijkhuizen FP, Kruitwagen RF, et al. Accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography in diabetic or obese women with post-menopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynaecol 2004;104:571-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000136080.55874.7f
9. Ferrazzi E, Torri V, Trio D, et al. Sonographic thickness. A useful test to predict atrophy in patients with post-menopausal bleeding. An Italian multicenter study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynaecol 1996;7:315-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.07050315.x
10. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Investigation of post-menopausal bleeding: national clinical guidelines no. 61. 2002. Available from: https://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/Educartion/Guideline/GYN%20Guideline/PMB2%20Guideline.pdf
11. Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. National Clinical Practice Guideline Assessment and Management of Postmenopausal Bleeding (PMB). 2016. Available from: https://www.rcpi.ie/Portals/0/Document%20Repository/Institute%20of%20Obstetricians%20and%20Gynaecologists/National%20Clinical%20Guidelines/2023/Full%20guidelines/IOG_NCG_Assessment%20and%20Management%20of%20Postmenopausal%20Bleeding%20(PMB)_2023.pdf
12. Ewies AA, Musonda P. Managing post-menopausal bleeding revisited: what is the best first line investigation and who should be seen within 2 weeks? Across sectional study of 326 women. Euro J Obstet Gynaecol Repro Bio 2010;153:67-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.06.009
13. Jick H, Walker AM, Rothman KJ: The epidemic of endometrial cancer: a commentary. Am J Public Health 1980;70:264-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.264
14. Pant AC, Bristow RE. Cancer of the uterine corpus. In: Joseph Hurt K, Guile MW, Bienstock JL (eds.), “John Hopkins manual of Gynaecology and Obstetrics”. Fourth edition. Springer Nature; Berlin, Germany; 2011.
15. Yakasai IA, Hair MW, Allam MA. Predictive value of endometrial thickness in detection of endometrial carcinoma in Scottish women with post-menopausal bleeding. Int J Acad Res 2011;1-76.
16. Singh P, Dwivedi P, Merdwatta S. Correlation of endometrial thickness with histopathological pattern of endometrium in post-menopausal bleeding. Indian J Obstet Gynaecol 2016;66:42-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-014-0627-z
17. Viswanathan M, Daniel S, Shailaja M, Nazeema A. Sociodemographic profile of patients with post-menopausal bleeding attending out-patient unit of a tertiary care center. Sch J App Med Sci 2014;2:681-4.
18. Pattersson P, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Johansson ED. Menstrual span: a time limited risk factor for endometrial cancer. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1986;65:247-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016348609155179
19. Russell M, Choudhary M, Roberts M. Is an endometrial thickness of ≥4 mm on transvaginal ultrasound scan an appropriate threshold for investigation of post-menopausal bleeding? Gynaecol Surg 2016;13:193-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10397-016-0931-y
20. Goldstein RB, Bree RL, Benson CB, et al. Evaluation of the post-menopausal women with post-menopausal bleeding, Society of Radiologists in ultrasound sponsored consensus conference statement. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20:1025-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2001.20.10.1025
21. Forae GD, Aligbe JU. Histopathological patterns of endometrial lesions in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding in a cosmopolitan population. J Basic Clin Reprod Sci 2013;2:101-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-960X.118649
22. Saha J, Prasad I, Siddique S, et al. Histopathological pattern of endometrium in menopausal women with post-menopausal bleeding. Available from: https://saudijournals.com/media/articles/SIJOG_42_24-28_pzi790p.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2021.v04i02.001
23. Kumari K, Paswan MK, Kundan M, Ambedkar SN. A prospective study of endometrial histopathology in post-menopausal women in Jharkhand. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2024;13:1696-700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1331_23

How to Cite



“Endometrial Histopathological Pattern in Post-Menopausal Women With Bleeding in Kano, Northwest Nigeria”. 2026. Pyramid Journal of Medicine 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.4081/pjm.2026.517.
Copyright (c) 2026 the Author(s) Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.